A study commissioned by the Canadian Government is recommending individual governments, including Canada, take unilateral action to restrict or prohibit scrubber discharges from both open-loop and closed-loop systems. The report comes from the International Council on Clean Transportation, and claims that ships fitted with scrubbers were not effectively meeting the global fuel standard. Findings indicate that scrubbers are harmful to both the air and the sea. Although scrubber discharges usually comply with IMO guidelines, the study indicates that compliance does not guarantee that scrubber discharges are safe.